In the 1980s, the CIA supported the Afghan mujahideen and Nicaraguan Contras, and after the September 11 attacks in 2001, played a role in the Global War on Terrorism. Senate revealed illegal operations such as MKUltra and CHAOS, after which greater oversight was imposed. Major CIA-backed operations include the 1953 coup in Iran, the 1954 coup in Guatemala, the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961, and the 1973 coup in Chile. The CIA employed psychological operations against communist regimes, and backed coups to advance American interests. The Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 exempted the agency from most Congressional oversight, and during the 1950s, it became a major instrument of U.S. foreign policy. Amid the intensifying Cold War, the National Security Act of 1947 established the CIA, headed by a director of central intelligence (DCI).
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- Initial funds for covert actions by the CIA were $2 million, but authorization was soon increased and by 1985 the CIA had successfully infiltrated Poland.
- This directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA.
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- Another source of controversy has been the CIA’s role in Operation Condor, which was a United States-backed campaign of repression and state terrorism involving intelligence operations, CIA-backed coup d’états and assassinations against leaders in South America from 1968 to 1989.
- This resulted in the CIA’s foreign paramilitaries being put under the command of the DOD, a move seen as a slippery slope inside the CIA, a slide from covert action towards militarization.
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Nonetheless, when the smoking gun tapes were made public, damage to the public's perception of CIA's top officials, and thus to the CIA as a whole, could not be avoided. A dominant feature of political life during that period were the attempts of Congress to assert oversight of the U.S. presidency and the executive branch of the U.S. government. Thus, in the fall of 1967, the CIA sagaspins casino review launched a domestic surveillance program code-named Chaos that would linger for a total of seven years. Johnson wanted CIA Director Richard Helms to substantiate Johnson's hunch that Moscow and Beijing were financing and influencing the American antiwar movement.
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- The CIA is responsible for coordinating all human intelligence (HUMINT) activities in the IC.
- The agency was unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, or the Soviet atomic bomb project.
- The CIA Tibetan program consisted of political plots, propaganda distribution, paramilitary operations, and intelligence gathering based on U.S. commitments made to the Dalai Lama in 1951 and 1956.
- In spite of this, the Department of Defense announced in 2012 its intention to organize its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS), under the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).
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The CIA created its office of military affairs, which operated as "second-echelon support for the Pentagon. .. answering … questions from military men like 'how wide is this road?'" Michael Reisman of Yale Law School named operations in Poland as one of the CIA's Cold War covert operations. CIA support for Solidarity included money, equipment and training, which was coordinated by Special Operations CIA division. On April 18, 1983, a 2,000 lb car bomb exploded in the lobby of the American embassy in Beirut, killing 63 people, including 17 Americans and 7 CIA officers, including Robert Ames, one of the CIA's Middle East experts. It defined covert operations as secret missions in geopolitical areas where the U.S. is neither openly nor apparently engaged. Under President Jimmy Carter, the CIA was conducting covertly funded support for the Contras in their war against the Sandinistas.
On May 1, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that Osama bin Laden was killed earlier that day by "a small team of Americans" operating in Abbottabad, Pakistan, during a CIA operation. Among the functions that moved to the DNI were the preparation of estimates reflecting the consolidated opinion of the 16 IC agencies, and preparation of briefings for the president. The DNI manages the United States Intelligence Community and in so doing it manages the intelligence cycle.
Other far-right individuals employed by the CIA as part of Counter-Guerilla included Ruzi Nazar, a former SS officer and Pan-Turkist. Initial funds for covert actions by the CIA were $2 million, but authorization was soon increased and by 1985 the CIA had successfully infiltrated Poland. When the Polish government launched a crackdown in December 1981, Solidarity was not alerted. There were no direct links between the CIA and Solidarność, and all money was channeled through third parties. On May 11, 1998, CIA Director George Tenet and his agency were taken aback by India's second nuclear test.
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The agency ran an operation code-named "Chaos" that ran from 1967 to 1974 where they routinely performed surveillance on Americans who were a part of various peace groups protesting the Vietnam War. Under the aegis of operation Timber Sycamore and other clandestine activities, CIA operatives and U.S. special operations troops have trained and armed nearly 10,000 rebel fighters at a cost of $1 billion a year. The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 created the office of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), who took over some of the government and intelligence community (IC)-wide functions that had previously been the CIA's. They would later be joined by small special operations forces teams which would call in precision airstrikes on Taliban and Al Qaeda fighters. While the CIA insists that those who conducted the attacks on 9/11 were not aware that the agency was operating at 7 World Trade Center under the guise of another (unidentified) federal agency, this center was the headquarters for many notable criminal terrorism investigations. The CIA arranged the arrests of suspected Al Qaeda members through cooperation with foreign agencies, but the CIA could not definitively say what effect these arrests have had, and it could not gain hard intelligence from those captured.
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On January 25, 1993, Mir Qazi opened fire at the CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia, killing two officers and wounding three others. Few officers, even those stationed in the country, spoke the language of the people on whom they spied. As part of Operation Gladio, the CIA supported the Italian government, and allegedly supported neo-fascist organizations such as National Vanguard, New Order and the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari during the Years of Lead in Italy. Henry Hyde, U.S. House intelligence committee member, said that the U.S. provided "supplies and technical assistance in terms of clandestine newspapers, broadcasting, propaganda, money, organizational help and advice". On October 23, 1983, two bombs (1983 Beirut Bombing) were set off in Beirut, including a 10-ton bomb at a US military barracks that killed 242 people. Hastening the CIA's fall from grace was the burglary of the Watergate headquarters of the Democratic Party by former CIA officers, and President Richard Nixon's subsequent attempt to use the CIA to impede the FBI's investigation of the burglary.
US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was concerned at the direction Castro's government was taking, and in March 1960, Eisenhower allocated $13.1 million to the CIA to plan his overthrow. The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on April 17, 1961. He was particularly worried that U-2 flights could be seen as preparations for first-strike attacks. Another reason the President objected to the use of the U-2 was that, in the nuclear age, the intelligence he needed most was on their intentions, without which, the US would face a paralysis of intelligence.
The United States feared that its new prime minister, Patrice Lumumba, was susceptible to Soviet influence, so the CIA supported Joseph Mobutu in organizing a coup that deposed Lumumba on September 14, 1960. After Indonesia, Eisenhower displayed mistrust of both the CIA and its director, Allen Dulles. Three days later, the CIA reported to the White House that the Indonesian Army's actions against the CIA-supported revolution were suppressing communism.
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